When someone talks about different power bands available on Harley Davidson motorcycles such as 110 or 103. What exactly are they talking about?
Hi from the UK and welcome to HDF. Without reading the things that have prompted your question, it's not easy to give a very specific answer. As a sweeping generalisation, increasing an engine's capacity also increases power and torque. Changing cams at the same time also changes where peak torque occurs in the rev range and hence also the road speed.
With stock motorcycles the differences between a 103" and 110" are likely to be noticable while riding each, but H-D are restrained in the way they tune them, so that difference may not be very great. The scope when modifying them however, to substantially increase performance, is one of the attractions of Harleys. At the extremes they can give very high horsepower at high revs, or very high torque at relatively low revs. Such bikes will have very different riding characteristics.