Why did you change out the outer primary cover.? Its used to align the Jack shaft to the ring gear. Sounds like something is off and locking up your starter causing to much current draw triping the breaker.

 

+1
If this is a new outer primary, you have to check this alignment out. If not, I would bolt it on, don't add oil and test starting again. Hopefully it's aligned now.

 

UPDATE: I am up and running just in time for the 1-3" of snow. I adjusted the gears on the jackshaft and made sure they aligned manually with the clutch starter gear. (I'm not good with technical names). It turned over well. Of course by this point I forgot to put the drain plug back in; so a trip for more fluid and I'll be good to go. THANK YOU ALL for your help.

 

If that's all you did to fix it then be prepared for your problem to come back.
If it does when you are away from the house then put your bike in gear and rock the rear wheel so that you have a chance of lining up the jackshaft and the starter ring gear.
You might have to do it a couple of times til the bike starts.

Make sure you put some teflon thread paste sealant on that drain plug so that it won't leak.