....I cannot understand the geniuses that report the HD ECM cannot have sufficient range to adjust itself. The ECM can adjust from zero fuel to 100% of the injectors capacity. If it is a 5 gram injector that is what it can provide. Besides no breather on earth can add 50% more volume even running without one can not do that. To reach that amount of increase one needs a turbo charger or super charger.
That's because you have a very pie-in-the-sky view on the capabilities of a, relatively simple, motorcycle efi system. The computer WILL adjust the afr but what it WON'T do is take any given point/points on the fueling table and adjust it to anywhere between 0-100% injector duty cycle. It will take the pre-programmed pulse width and adjust it up to a programmed maximum percentage to try and maintain the (far too lean) EPA friendly afr. They can, and will, run out of adjustment range if too drastic a change is required, though an air filter alone is highly unlikely to reach that point. It should have been blantently obvious 50% was pulled out of the air to illustrate that LARGE changes would be problematic.
Besides that, some systems will adjust the ENTIRE fuel table, or portions of it, as one big block instead of individual cells of the table. Because some mods (especially exhaust) affect different points on the a/f curve differently a tune IS required because the bike computer does not have a fine enough resolution in it's adjustment to actually change the curve as is required to get a good afr over the ENTIRE operating range.
It is in no way necessary however to fully benefit from the less restrictive breather and exhaust, a tuner is required. Not only will it provide more performance the engine will run cooler.
Here is why a tuner is not needed...
I can tell you my bike, sans tuner, is detonating and there is evidence of this in a new pair of spark plugs with 500 miles. There's also the issue of popping on deceleration. The bike's computer doesn't seem to compensate for these issues.