Down shift or brake?
Beary
From what I've understood of engine braking, the engine brakes because of the vacuum created by the lack of air at the intake and I guess that is why engine braking can be noisy since the flow of air is troubled and is probably at a pressure lower than the ambient pressure. (I don't know what happens exactly in the exhaust)
But the oil pump continues to run and lub, and the amount of detonated fuel is low so the stress on the piston/cylinder should be lower than when running at the same RPM in 'normal condition' (going forward by burning fuel).
Also when braking with the engine, the load on the teeth of the gears is on the opposite side of the normal condition : if some gear fails it won't be because of engine braking but because of the wear of normal use. (unless you go into the RPM red zone)
Downshifting also helps keeping the brakes at a reasonable temp and is mandatory when riding/driving over mountains.
Years ago I had two clutch rebuilds on two BMW (bikes), but at the expected mileage (at about 70K km: the mechanic told me in both cases that this was a 'normal' mileage for a clutch rebuild ). I rode the first bike mainly in flat areas, the other mainly in mountainous areas and had to use a lot more engine braking/downshifting than on the first one. And I never had any engine problem (piston/segment/etc).
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